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As someone who designs plastics, industrially engineers automotive parts, and develops electronics and textiles, you don’t have to be an expert to realize the regulatory pressing issue of flame retardants has been continuing to strengthen for the past 10 years. And the feedback we keep hearing in the marketplace is very clear: No more halogenated flame retardants; we want Halogen Free Flame Retardant (HFFR), or die.

Certainly, it is not as easy as just replacing one additive for a new one. You have to be familiar with the chemistry, the performance compromises, regulatory constraints, and the various product options available. We will try to address all of those questions-particularly when it comes to PPM Triazine, a phosphorus-nitrogen-based HFFR that represents the cutting edge of intumescent flame retardant technology.

What Is a Halogen Free Flame Retardant?

A Halogen Free Flame Retardant (FR) is a fire safety additive that provides flame resistance without the inclusion of any halogen elements (chlorine, bromine, fluorine, or iodine). Flammability safety additives, which incorporate halogenated flame retardants, including chlorinated paraffins, brominated diphenyl ethers, etc., are very efficient at reducing the risk of ignition; however, they have some major disadvantages, as during combustion they give off thick carcinogenic smoke that contains damaging hydrogen halides, dioxins, and furans.

Halogen-free options utilize different chemistries to provide fire retardant qualities. The most commercially successful has been P-N (or phosphorus-nitrogen) synergism that works by intumescence: when subjected to heat or flame the foam burns, foams and creates a thick insulating skin of char, or carbon, on the surface of the material. This char provides a barrier to heat and oxygen, and prevents droplets of molten polymer from forming.

The outcome: Excellent flame retardancy and significantly reduced toxic smoke, no halogenated by-products, safe in accordance with today’s stringent environmental legislation such as REACH, RoHS, and WEEE.

Why the Industry Is Moving to Halogen Free

• Regulations: The EU RoHS Directive restricts some halogenated compounds in electronics. REACH has pre-registrations and regulatory control processes for chemical substances, including FRs, with some halogenated compounds already on the SVHC Candidate List. Halogen-free regulation is increasingly demanded by OEM customers at the supply chain level.
• Toxic smoke issues: In building fires, smoke inhalation remains the primary cause of death-and halogenated flame retardants are a major contributor to smoke toxicity. HFFR systems generate much less toxic and corrosive smoke, increasing survivability in confined areas.
• Bioaccumulation in the environment: Some halogenated FRs are accumulating in the environment as a contaminant and thereby are inherently toxic. HFFRs are not at all.
• Recycling: Halogen-free plastics are better recyclable. It is possible that as flammable products, halogenated products will produce dangerous gases during thermal recycling at the end of life.

PPM Triazine: A Closer Look at Advanced P-N Flame Retardation

PPM Triazine (CAS 93058-67-4) shows higher technical levels than all of the phosphorus-N-based HFFR systems in the market: PPM Triazine has been invented by MCA Technologies, a Swiss company. It is a patent on a new polymeric nitrogen synergist, which can be transformed into an excellent intumescent flame retardant system with APP.

Why it’s different from regular nitrogen synergists (melamine, triazine derivatives) like:

• Large molecular weight: Polymeric, high molecular weight PPM triazine shows NO sublimation during high-temperature processing, NO toxic ammonia release from self-condensation, and NO mould deposits and plate-out when compared to lower molecular weight nitrogen synergists.
• Empirical Performance: 75% APP, 25% PPM Triazine HF with 20-25% total loading will give UL 94 V0 in polypropylene at 1.6 mm, in addition to LOI in excess of 30%.
• Flexibility: It is compatible with polypropylenes, poly-urethanes, rigid and flexible polyurethane foams, epoxy resins, unsaturated polyester resins, and thermoplastic elastomers.
• Low Smoke, Low Toxicity: The process results in low smoke densities and generally the reduction of toxic fumes by thousands of times when compared with halogenated systems and some other competing HFFR technologies.

Applications of Halogen Free Flame Retardants

Electronics and Electrical

PCB laminates, cable insulation, connectors, housings, and enclosures. RoHS compliance is driving near-universal adoption of HFFR in consumer electronics.

Automotive

Interior trim, dashboard components, under-hood parts, battery housings (especially critical for EV battery packs), and wire harnesses. OEMs increasingly specify halogen-free materials.

Construction and Building

Insulation boards, cladding panels, pipe insulation and structural coatings. European and Asian building regulations are becoming more and more concerned with low-smoke, halogen-free products.

Railway and Aerospace

Interior panels, seat upholstery, cable ducting, and flooring. The most common industry standards requiring use of HFFR include EN 45545 (railway) and FAR 25.853 (aerospace).

Textiles

Protective workwear, upholstery, curtains, and mattress ticking. Phosphorus-nitrogen HFFR treatments can achieve self-extinguishing performance with durability through multiple wash cycles.

Case Study: Achieving UL 94 V0 in a Polypropylene Automotive Component with PPM Triazine

Background: An automotive Tier-1 manufacturer, a large European OEM supplying interior trim components to the OEM, needed to convert all PP products from their existing brominated flame retardant system to a halogen-free system in order to comply with the OEM’s material specification. The goal was UL 94 V0 1.6 mm with no dripping together with OEM internal requirements on low smoke emission.

The Problem: First tests with aluminum hydroxide (ATH) in HFFR applications needed loadings well above 55% to get V0 performance, which, in turn, compromised the mechanical properties of the PP compound to the extent that impact strength was compromised by 60% and parts were too brittle to pass the OEM crash safety test. The melamine polyphosphate system also failed due to ammonia odor during processing and surface deposits on the molded parts.

The Solution: The fabric was impregnated with the impregnation intumescent system with the following weight application rates: 75% Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) + 25% PPM Triazine HF at 23% total loading. The polymeric structure of PPM triazine in this intumescent blend prevented both sublimation and ammonia problems that occurred with the shorter molecule synergists.

Key Takeaway: When loaded at less than half the ATH loading level, the PPM triazine-based intumescent system provided excellent flame retardant performance without compromising the mechanical properties required by the automotive application. This example is typical of the rising trend towards using phosphorus-nitrogen intumescent systems as the preferred HFFR technology for engineering plastics.

Sourcing Halogen Free Flame Retardants: PPM Triazine from Anar Chemicals

Anar Chemicals LLP is licensed by MCA Technologies, Switzerland, as their sole manufacturer and marketer of PPM triazine in India. The product is marketed in India through Anar Mcat Advanced Electronic Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.

Anar Mcat is a 50-50 JV between Anar Chemicals LLP & MCA Technologies GmbH.

Anar Chemicals LLP is a 44-year-old manufacturer of chemicals and the first Indian company to be certified for ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015 & ISO 45001:2018 Anar Mcat offers technical support in formulation development and assures timely & quality assured supply of PPM Triazine. Please visit the PPM Triazine product page or contact for technical queries or bulk pricing.

Frequently Asked Questions About Halogen Free Flame Retardant

Q: What is a halogen-free flame retardant?

A halogen free flame retardant (HFFR) is a fire-retardant additive that is free of any chlorine, bromine, fluorine, or iodine. Instead, they rely on other chemistries to provide flame-resistant materials such as phosphorus-nitrogen synergism. During combustion, HFFR’s generate a far lower amount of toxic smoke and corrosive gases than their halogenated brethren.

Q: What is PPM Triazine?

Triazine (CAS 93058-67-4) Innovative PPM Triazine (polymer) is a unique compound and halogen-free nitrogen synergist from MCA Technologies, Switzerland. Intumescent flame retardant system consisting of PPM triazine with ammonium polyphosphate (APP). In a fire environment the system undergoes foaming, cross-linking, and forming a solid protective char layer, which acts as a fire shield.

Q: How does phosphorus-nitrogen synergism work in flame retardants?

The phosphorus-based materials generate phosphoric acid when heated, which catalyzes the formation of a char layer on the surface of the substrate. The nitrogen-based materials generate inert gases, which dilute the combustible gases (intumescence) and form foam (intumescence). These two combine to produce a dense, insulating barrier that shields the material from heat transfer, limits oxygen transfer and stops the molten polymer from dripping.

Q: What are the advantages of HFFR versus halogenated flame retardants?

Advantages of HFFRs vastly reduced smoke toxicity, much less corrosive gases generated, offer greatly enhanced survival advantages, do not contain or produce dioxins or furans, meet all current and future environmental regs (RoHS, REACH, WEEE) and are recyclable. The only issue is that, in some cases, higher loadings of HFFR material might be required than with other halogenated systems.

Q: What is the UL 94 rating of PPM Triazine?

Polybutylene combustion drop-in: Most products achieve UL 94 V0 in polypropylene 1.6 mm with typical total loadings of 20-25% as a 75/25 mix of ammonium polyphosphate & PPM triazine HF and over 30% LOI. They will also work in polyurethane foam, unsaturated polyester resins, and epoxy resins with comparable ratings.

Q: Which industries require halogen-free flame retardants?

Primary sectors are electronics and electrical (electrical cables, PCBs, and connectors), automotive (inside and underbonnet parts), construction (cladding and insulation), railway and aerospace (seating and interior panels), and textiles (cushion covers, curtains, and workwear). The European Union (EU) has traditionally had the highest level of regulation and is where the most significant shifts towards HFFRs have occurred (RoHS, REACH).

Q: How much is the halogen-free flame retardant price in India?

Anar Chemicals LLP is the sole licensee for Indian production & marketing of PPM Triazine from MCA Technologies Switzerland, through their dedicated JVC-Anar Mcat Advanced Electronic Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., and is ISO 9001:2015 & 2015, ISO 14001:2015 & ISO 45001:2018 certified. Anar Chemicals LLP is in the business of manufacturing and marketing 5 unique polymers & chemicals.

If at the fuel depot you encounter a specialized blue colour, and while removing it from the drum you see that the lubricant has a very intense bluish-blackish colour, then it is 99% certain that you have Blue 79 on your hands. Blue 79 is the best-known colourant within Solvent Blue petroleum blue dyes, a highly soluble anthraquinone dye that was developed exclusively for use within fuels, oils, and other solvent-based applications.

In this post, we’ll take you through the basics of Blue 79: what it is and its history, how it came to replace the old blue dyes, where you’ll find it today, and how to buy it. Whether you’re a fuel blender, lubricant manufacturer, or industrial dye buyer, this article has you covered.

What Exactly Is Blue 79?

Blue 79 (CAS 64553-79-3) is a synthetic anthraquinone dye. Its chemical name is 9,10-anthracenedione, 1,4-diamino-, N, N-mixed 2-ethylhexyl-, methyl-, and pentyl-derivs. The key backstory: Originally, Blue 79 was developed by BASF as a highly soluble form of Solvent Blue 35 (Oil Blue 35, 1,4-bis(butylamino)anthraquinone), which is a very good blue dye but only dissolves to around 2% in xylene (which makes it pretty useless industrially) BASF added a second side-chain of longer, more branched alkyls onto the anthraquinone molecule, producing Blue 79 which can form stable liquid solutions at over 60% solids in xylene and remain at room temperature down to -20°C.

This leap in solubility was huge. It meant refineries could drop the more hazardous powder for a liquid dye that was safe to use, easy to apply and very predictable.

Primary Applications of Blue 79

1. Fuel and Petroleum Colour-Coding

Blue 79 has been primarily used in the coloration of petroleum-based fuels. Refining companies globally rely on the use of this dye to differentiate various grades of fuel, including different octane levels of gasoline, sulphur grades of diesel, aviation fuels, kerosene and gas oil. In certain areas, blue dye for diesel is reserved solely for government- and state-owned vehicles.

Blue 79 plays a vital role in green fuel dye formulas. Blue is a fundamental component of green fuel dye formulas. Since green is created by mixing a blue dye with a yellow dye (generally Solvent Yellow 107) Blue 79 is added to yellow dyes to replicate the exact green color specified by some national fuel-marking standards.

2. Lubricants, Hydraulic Fluids, and Industrial Oils

For product identification and differentiation, transmission fluids, gear oils, hydraulic oils, and cutting fluids are frequently dyed blue. A clean, bright blue that does not deteriorate after a long period in storage and is not affected by the typical heat seen by normally functioning machinery is available from Blue 79.

3. Wax, Candle, and Speciality Product Colouring

For colouring candles, waxes, and other specialised materials, when diluted in paraffin and other wax systems, Blue 79 is simple to dissolve.

4. Printing Inks and Coatings

Blue 79 has high tinting strength and fast dispersion in oil-based inks. The anthraquinone structure also offers inherently improved lightfastness over azo-based dyes, which is an advantage in some ink and coating applications that are exposed to sunlight.

Case Study: Improving Fuel Depot Safety and Efficiency with Blue 79

Background: A country oil marketing company with a chain of fuel storage depots throughout the Middle East was facing constant problems with their blue fuel dye programme. Their Blue dye system at the time used a powder of solvent blue 35 that had to be manually weighed out and pre-dissolved on-site in batches of small quantities of xylene prior to being injected into fuel storage tanks. This system was slow, exposed staff to large quantities of dye dust, and resulted in inconsistent coloured dye from batch to batch.

The Problem: Depot workers had already raised safety concerns about prolonged inhalation of the powder form of the dye, and during quality audits it was discovered that colour levels varied by 35% between tanks that had been dyed with powder and that three batches in one quarter had been rejected due to lack of a strong blue tint.

The Solution: The company switched to a pre-prepared Solvent Blue 79 (CAS 64553-79-3) liquid concentrate in a high-flash solvent base. The concentrate is packaged in sealed drums and therefore removes all handling of powder products. The concentrate was dosed directly into the fuel flow using the current proportional dosing systems installed at each depot and was accurately proportioned to 15ppm of Blue 79.

Key Takeaway: The transition from powdered Solvent Blue 35 to liquid Blue 79 was not merely about the consistency of colour – it was an important step in protecting the safety of the workplace and, as a result, efficiency. That’s the very benefit that the move from powder to liquid petroleum dyes was intended to provide. That is why Blue 79 has been adopted as the industry standard.

What to Look for When Sourcing Blue 79

Because Blue 79 is not a pure compound but rather a blend of alkylated anthraquinone derivatives, variations in product quality and performance can exist among different manufacturers. These are the key qualities to look for:

• No insolubles: Your dye should be a pure liquid with no solids suspended in it. Insolubles build up in injection line filters, dosing pumps, and storage tanks.
• Instantly and Completely Dissolve: Your dye should instantly & completely dissolve in the material that you are going to use the dye in to form a clear, consistent hue of blue.
• Colour strength consistency: Check that all production batches have been tested at a recognised laboratory for colour strength with a spectrophotometer. The correct dye dosage and colour strength should be available on a certificate of analysis for all production batches.
• Freeze stability: The liquid should be stable at temperatures of -20°C and below for crystallisation or phase separation to occur.
• ISO certification: Seek out manufacturers who have ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015, and ISO 45001:2018 quality, environmental, and safety standards.

Anar Chemicals LLP has been a creator of Blue 79 in high-flash and xylene solvent base for more than 40 years as a dye and speciality chemicals manufacturing company. They are an ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015 & ISO 45001:2018 certified company providing a full range of petroleum dye products for refineries and fuel companies around the world. Check out their entire Liquid Petroleum or Fuel Dyes collection online.

Frequently Asked Questions About Blue 79

What is Blue 79 dye used for?

Blue 79 (Solvent Blue 79 – CAS 64553-79-3) is used in petroleum fuels, lubricants, and industrial oils (and their formulations) for colouring to facilitate visual identification and distinction between grades. It is also used in candles, wax, and ink systems, which require a blue colour stable in non-aqueous media.

What is the CAS number for Blue 79?

CAS number 64553-79-3. This is the CAS registration for the alkylated 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone derivative that is used in petroleum dye formulations.

What is the recommended dosage of Blue 79 in fuel?

Blue 79 is used at approximately 10 to 20 ppm in petroleum products, although this dosage will vary depending on the desired shade and the coloured fuel/oil.

What is the difference between Blue 79 and Solvent Blue 35?

Blue 79 is an alkylated, high-solubility version of Solvent Blue 35. They are identical except Blue 79 has longer alkyl side chains that greatly increase the solubility of the dye in fuels and other organic solvents. Solvent Blue 35 in powder form dissolves just under 2% in xylene, whereas Blue 79 can stabilize solutions well above 60%.

Blue 79 fuel – does it impact fuel performance?

No. Blue 79 is insoluble in hydrocarbons, and it is added at such a low concentration that it does not influence combustion behaviour, octane/cetane number, or performance.

Why do refineries dye fuel blue?

Blue fuel dyes have many uses: distinguishing fuel quality grades during storage and transportation, for national fuel data collection, preventing theft of government stockpiles, and for the colour-coding regulations of the country in question.

Where can I buy the best Blue 79?

Blue 79 is also manufactured by speciality petroleum dye manufacturers, such as Anar Chemicals LLP (anarchem.com), an ISO 9001:2015,ISO 14001:2015 & ISO 45001:2018 certified company that manufactures a wide range of dyes, with over 40 years of product experience. Blue 79 is manufactured in high-flash and xylene solvent bases.

How do I store Blue 79?

Store in a tightly sealed bottle, away from direct sunlight, at temperatures between 5C and 40C. The shelf life, stored correctly, is approximately 2 years from date of manufacture.

Why do some petroleum products have a buttery yellow hue, and how do refining companies instantly identify a specific grade of fuel? Odds are that you, or someone you know, has been in touch with Yellow 107. This solvent yellow dye also commonly contributes to the color of drums, tanks, and lines used for wax processing and in lubricant manufacturing.

If you’re interested in learning more about yellow 107, then this comprehensive guide is for you. Here we’ll look at the history of yellow 107, its chemical structure and performance characteristics, its use as a dye additive for lubricant and other petroleum processing operations, and how the best yellow dye stacks up against the competition.

What Exactly Is Yellow 107?

Yellow 107 is the synthetic dye more commonly referred to by its color index identity of C.I. Solvent Yellow 107 (CAS number 67990-27-6, C.I. number 21140). The chemical formula for Yellow 107 is C44H62N4O2, and its molecular weight is 674.96 g/mol. Yellow 107 is produced by double diazotisation of 3,3-dimethylbenzidine, coupled with 4-nonylphenol.

Warm yellow with an orange-yellow hue. Dissolves completely in hydrocarbons and petroleum products and non-polar media with no difficulty or cloudiness. 100% Oil Soluble—100% soluble in hydrocarbons, petroleum products, and non-polar media. Available as a concentrated liquid in high-flash solvents, xylene or toluene.

Apart from its intense tinting strength, the highly significant property that makes Yellow 107 extremely useful is that it is compatible with a large number of petroleum products and is thermostable. It does not change the properties or qualities of the fuels or oils that it colors – just what the industry wants.

Primary Applications of Yellow 107

1. Fuel and Petroleum Product Colour-Coding

Most of the Yellow 107 produced is used in the petroleum industry. Fuel refineries and fuel distribution companies use it to differentiate between different ranges and types of fuel, for example, through sulfur content in diesel, high-octane and low-octane fuels, and between unleaded and leaded petrol. This cosmetic difference isn’t just cosmetic; it’s about preventing miscommunication and protecting consumers on the road and in the tank.

Different countries have different requirements for colour and concentration of these fuel types. Fuel identification programmes rely on the dye colour, which is commonly used in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East to identify fuel. It is one of the main dyes approved for petroleum colouring in India and beyond.

2. Lubricants, Greases, and Industrial Oils

Manufacturers of transmission fluids, gear oils, hydraulic oils and industrial lubricants use Yellow 107, as it gives uniform, recognizable coloration to the end product to allow consumers to readily identify it. The product also differentiates the manufacturer’s product in the market.

3. Wax, Candle, and Speciality Product Colouring

Yellow 107 is freely soluble in paraffin and other wax vehicles, making it a popular bright, stable yellow for candles and wax products where high tinting strength is required. It is highly soluble, so there is no sediment, blockages in wicks, or uneven colour distribution.

4. Printing Inks and Coatings

It is also used in printing inks, in which it exhibits high tinting strength in addition to being readily dispersed throughout the ink.

Case Study: Standardising Fuel Colour-Coding for an Indian Petroleum Distributor

Background: The distributor, which was a mid-size distributor in the petroleum business, with a depot network around western India, faced higher rejection at the pump due to problems with the identification of fuel. All the depots used dyes from various local sources, and the colour used in the same grade of the fuel varied across depots. The fuel sample was submitted for analysis and inspection.

The Issue: The inconsistency was confusing to the depot workers and even suggested that the product was being altered by the customer. The distributor was after a predictable yellow dye so that consistency would be achieved at every site without changing over to a new mixing system.

The Result: The distributor worked with the supplier to continue to source their yellow dye supply from a single ISO-certified Yellow 107 (CAS 67990-27-6) supplier in a high-flash solvent base. The standard flash formulation was pre-calibrated for 15 ppm and supplied in a ready-to-use liquid formulation that could be injected in-line directly into fuel lines without further dilution.

Key Learning: Moving to a quality-assured, single-source Yellow 107 supplier saved the headaches associated with inconsistent dye batches. This experience speaks to an important lesson that applies to all dye markets in the petroleum industry: supplier consistency is a critical factor.

What to Look for When Sourcing Yellow 107

Because Yellow 107 is a commercial dye and not a single pure compound (the alkylation and coupling process produces a mixture of related structures), quality can vary significantly between manufacturers. Here are the factors that matter most:

• Pure: The product must be free of all insoluble matter. Minute quantities of insoluble matter can build up in storage and fuel injection systems after time.
• Fully dissolvable: Yellow 107 should fully dissolve in the products that it is added to, such as oil or fuel, and result in a homogeneous, transparent colour without any cloudiness.
• Consistent: If you go with a product that is subject to spectrophotometric quality assurance on each batch, then you will have consistency of intensity of colour as well as colour hue.
• Wide range of solvent bases: Whether you want Yellow 107 to be used in a high-flash solvent, xylene, or toluene base, a competent manufacturer will be able to provide you with all three.
• ISO certification: ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015, and ISO 45001:2018 certifications prove a company’s dedication to quality, environment, and safety standards.

Anar Chemicals LLP are that committed to consistency; they are ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015 & ISO 45001:2018 accredited with over 40 years of experience in dyes and speciality chemicals. They manufacture Yellow 107 in both high-flash and xylene or toluene solvent bases, and their liquids are supplied to fuel and petroleum companies around the world. View our full range of liquid petroleum or fuel dyes.

Frequently Asked Questions About Yellow 107

What is Yellow 107?

Yellow 107 (Solvent Yellow 107, CAS 67990-27-6) is a yellow colour, mainly used in the colouring and distinction of fuels, lubricants, and other oils. It can be used in wax colouring, candle making, printing inks, and in specific plastic products.

What is the CAS number for Yellow 107?

CAS 67990-27-6 Colour Index Number C.I. 21140.

Are Solvent Yellow 124 and Yellow 107 the same?

No. Solvent Yellow 124 and Yellow 107 are both dyes with different chemical structures and purposes. Solvent Yellow 124 was the dye of the EU Euromarker used for the identification of tax-exempt fuel and to colour fuel; Yellow 107 is used as a colourant for visually identifying fuel to colour code for the fuel industry.

How much Yellow 107 should I add to fuel?

The typical application rate of Yellow 107 in petroleum products is between 10 and 20 ppm, with the exact amount being dependent on the intensity of the colour required and the particular product being coloured.

Is Solvent Yellow 107 reactive?

No. Solvent Yellow 107 is non-reactive in all hydrocarbon systems at colouring levels and does not affect combustion qualities, octane or cetane values, or the mechanical performance of any engines.

How should Yellow 107 be stored?

Storage conditions: Store in a tightly closed container in a dry and well-ventilated environment at a temperature range of 5 °C to 40°C. Shelf life: 2 years from the date of manufacture at room temperature.

Where can I buy high-quality Yellow 107?

Yellow 107 is sold by speciality chemical vendors such as Anar Chemicals LLP (anarchem.com), an ISO certified company with more than 40 years of experience in manufacturing petroleum dyes and specialty chemicals. The company has manufacturing of Yellow 107 with high-flash, xylene, and toluene solvent base.

Is Yellow 107 safe to handle?

As with the majority of industrial solvent dyes, this product must be handled using normal precautions—suitable gloves, eye protection, and exhaust ventilation. Use the manufacturer’s SDS/MSDS for details of safety precautions.